Exercise Exercise And Exercise Group - 1481 Words

The low heart rates from the exercise group and the high heart rates from the non-exercise group appeared as a result of both group’s overall fitness level. In order to achieve said results, each individual’s average heart rate was taken by feeling a pulse five times. They were then categorized in the exercise group or non-exercise group depending on whether or not they exercise for twenty minutes three times a week. There were no discrepancies in the data overall, since the results were as expected. Exercise influenced heart rate by lowering it with an inversely proportional relationship. Regular aerobic exercise is the kind of exercise that best influences heart rate and will cause heart rate to drop over time, meaning that your heart†¦show more content†¦The causes, prevention, and treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease remain active fields of biomedical research, with hundreds of scientific studies being published on a weekly basis to this very da y (Morris 1958). In order for a heart to be functioning properly, several physiological criteria must be met. The blood vessels to the heart need to be functioning normally. The electrical conduction system has to be working in a coordinated fashion for the blood to flow efficiently through the heart chambers. Also, all of the heart valves need to be working optimally so that blood can flow in the proper direction and in adequate amounts. Finally, the arterial and venous systems need to be able to constrict and dilate so that proper blood pressure is maintained and also so all of the cells of the body get an adequate blood flow (Anonymous C 2015). The exercise group for this experiment is the group that’s more likely to have met all these requirements at a more satisfactory level than the non-exercise group, and therefore, are at less risk of cardiovascular diseases. Aerobic exercise breaks up stored fatty acids to provide more fuel to the heart (Levitt 2012). Without exerci se, excess energy obtained from food for example, will be stored as fat which can lead to obesity. Nearly 70% of American adults are either overweight or obese. Being obese increases risk for heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes and more (American Heart Association B 2014).

Criminal Psychology - 660 Words

Argumentative Essay: â€Å"Violent video games directly correlate to violence in schools† Do violence video games actually affect children? What is the correlation between virtual games and violence at school? Most of the nowadays teenage activities and spending free-time resolves around technology. Not all the games are violent, but they all becoming more realistic. Some of the games are designed to learn something, some games develop abilities of fast reading, fast typing, driving a car, building from small farms to big civilizations, some promote to fight with enemies, rob banks or even kill people. I have also played several video games, from collecting cure flowers to driving crazy and killing people. Main consumers of video†¦show more content†¦Psychologists of Iowa State University have conducted a study, where the study shows that brief exposure to violent video games can cause a reduction in normal physiological reactivity to images of real violence. One of the researches Dr. C. Anderson has said that children play very â€Å"playful, fun, cartoonish fo rms of violence† and what is important to know is that, most of the violent games do not show what consequences can it lead to when kids while playing kill an animal, beat and kill people, use and abuse of alcohol or drugs, disrespect the law. Gentile Anderson (2003) state that playing video games may increase aggressive behavior because violent acts are continually repeated throughout the video game. This process of repeating in huge amounts is considered as an effective teaching method. (Add) 1)http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletters/Harvard_Mental_Health_Letter/2010/October/violent-video-games-and-young-people 2) http://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/12/virtual-violence.aspx 3) http://techliberation.com/2010/02/09/violent-video-games-youth-violence-what-does-real-world-evidence-suggest/ 4) http://blog.lib.umn.edu/hutch213/myblog/2012/02/grand-theft-childhood.html 5) http://videogames.procon.org/ 6) http://www.pamf.org/preteen/parents/videogames.html 7) http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/children_and_video_games_playing_with_violence 8)Show MoreRelatedCriminal Psychology, And Forensic Psychology1490 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent areas to study in the field of psychology, however, this assignment focuses only on criminal psychology. The research provided is a description of what is required to become a criminal psychologist; the information includes an in-depth look into â€Å"what a criminal psychologist is†. Types of educational and training background are required, such as what degrees are needed. The use of different assessment and intervention methods and what types of cases a criminal psychologist handles. Their workRead MoreCriminal Psychology : A Glimpse Into The Mind Of A Criminal1523 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Psychology: A Glimpse into the Mind of a Criminal Are you interested in solving crimes, wanting to be part of the community, and help bring justice to families? Are TV shows like CSI and Criminal Minds intriguing to you? There’s a job that could suit your interests without all the blood and gore. Criminal/forensic psychology is a career for people interested in solving crimes and working to help people in the community. A forensic psychologist has many tasks that they might be involvedRead MoreCriminal Profiling, Criminal, And Forensic Psychology1226 Words   |  5 PagesCriminal profiling is another subject of criminal and forensic psychology, which is probably one of the oldest studies of forensic science. Criminal profiling has been called many things, such as behavioral profiling, crime scene profiling, criminal personality profiling, psychological profiling, and more recently even criminal investigation analysis. Criminal profiling’s history has come from a history of criminal behavior, the study of mental illnesses, and forensic examinations. Criminal profilingRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System And Psychology Essay1760 Words   |  8 Pages I WANT TO BECOME A CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND THIS IS WHAT I LEARNED Madelynn Krutsinger â€Æ' Introduction I’m double majoring in Criminal Justice and Psychology because further down the road in my life I would love to be a Criminal Psychologist. I choose these fields because I love being able to understand why people do what they do. I want to understand why people do things a certain way, just looking at it in a psychological kind of way. Especially with criminals, what led them to murder thatRead MoreThe Mind : Psychology And Criminal Behavior2636 Words   |  11 PagesAll in the Mind: Psychology and Criminal Behavior Many people wonder why some people are able to do bad things, even when they know the consequences. To our normal brains there seems to be no reason for doing things like this. However, scientists have discovered that many criminal’s brains are not normal. Scientific studies show that a large majority of convicted criminals have some sort of psychological issue or problem in their brains, which has been shown to affect their behavior. To figureRead MoreForensic Psychology : Criminal Investigation And The Law2261 Words   |  10 PagesForensic Psychology The client is facing a lengthy sentence and their only hope is to plead mental insanity, their only hope is their forensic psychologist. The thrill of not knowing what will come of your day can be perfect for someone who craves adrenaline. Forensic Psychology is an unsung hero becoming recognized. One could wake up in the morning and have to travel or go to court and help decides someone’s fate. It may not be the most popular job or the career with the most recognition but forRead MoreA Brief Note On Forensic Psychology And The Criminal Justice System1270 Words   |  6 Pagesopposite reaction. For every crime, there is an equal punishment. The criminal justice system can be broken down into various different parts, all of which composed of people doing different jobs. While many people only know of common roles, there are many smaller jobs that are no less important. One critical job linked to the criminal justice system is that of a forensic psychologist. Forensic psycholo gy requires a background in psychology, but works primarily in the court system. Most of the time, a forensicRead MoreCriminal Psychology : Crime And Crime2074 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Criminal Psychology is a study of prisoners will, discipline ideology, intentions and reactions, and crime associated with anthropology. The main part of the in-depth study is about what causes crime problem, also comprising the reaction of people after the crime, on the run or in court. Criminal psychologist can also act as a witness to help the court understand the psychology of prisoners. Time over,our population is getting bigger and bigger. Therefore, our beautiful world producesRead MoreA Brief Note On Forensic Criminology And Criminal Forensic Psychology1351 Words   |  6 Pagessix major sub-specialties in forensic psychology: criminal, juvenile, civil, investigative, correctional, and police forensic psychology. Professionals working under each of them have unique roles, educational qualifications, responsibilities, ethical challenges, and controversial issues to confront. Similarly, there are various studies and seminal cases that have shaped the sub-specialties in differ ent ways. In most cases, they reflect changes in the criminal justice system in terms of admissibilityRead MoreCybercrime And Its Effect On The Youth866 Words   |  4 Pagessecond class upper honors in Psychology and sociology, I am now 29 years of age. To me the reasons for criminal behavior and breaking the law are  varied and interesting, I feel this area needs more attention paid to it because it has a huge negative impacts on the youth for example the results of this causes high school dropout, jail time, fraud activities and others which derails the development of the society. This interest encouraged me to pursue a degree in psychology and sociology to know more

Hospital Administration Free Essays

Quality Improvement Programme (Toward Excellence Health center for the Community) Excellence Health center for the Community) CoH CoH Quality Improvement Programme CoH Quality is very Sweet for speak, but difficult to implement. â€Å"Quality at Grassroots levels: Patient Perspectives † because because Quality is Never Improved without accepting facts without accepting facts. Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospital Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now J. L. Meena State Quality Assurance Officer Commissionerate of Health FW Government of Gujarat Email:- sqipgujarat@gmail. com Web:- www. gujhealth. gov. in/quality-assurance-program. htm www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. 1 CoH www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. 3 CoH Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 5 2 CoH †¢ Poor sanitation and cleanliness. †¢ Very poor Drainage facility. †¢ Poor housekeeping service. †¢ Very poor Biomedical waste infection control practice. †¢ No cattle guard. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. †¢ Non sterile suction tube oxygen mask? †¢ Empty Oxygen Cylinders. Instrument with rust Non sterile. www. gujhealth. gov. in Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Old Scenario of Health Centers. Building maintenance was extremely unsatisfactory – Leaking roof, eroded floors, over flowing toilets, broken doors, No patient safety (Open transformer with Parking facilities. Invite for disaster ? ), No s afe drinking water facilities. no employee safety, poor lighting and no ventilation sign. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena 4 CoH †¢ Un-used instrument equipments †¢ No proper used of instruments Crush Card trolley contained:- Comb, Toothpaste, Oil, Glass etc for save the pt. th www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 6 Old Scenario of Health Centers. CoH CoH †¢ Very poorly managed end of life †¢ No respect to Human body †¢ Very worst condition of Post Martum Room. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 7 CoH ?Why should we care? should we care? ?Is improvement possible? ?What seems to make seems to make a difference? ?Why aren’t we doing a better job? www. gujhealth. gov. in GOAL Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat National Human Right Commission (NHRC Report 1999 NHRC ) Report – 1999 CoH D Grade for Mental Hospital Ahmedabad www. gu jhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat HOW TO ACHIEVE EXCELLENCE IN HEALTH TQM-NABH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 †¢ To develop a healthcare system based on total quality management principles (NABH / NABL) and application of information technology to achieve efficiency in operations, faster standard communication across the state. †¢ To enhance the quality of healthcare services by providing specialized treatment and preventive healthcare at free / affordable cost. MISSION VISION †¢ To develop a pool of healthcare professionals in he public health sector trained in the implementation of health care quality standards and information technology to bring productivity and effectiveness in health care delivery system. †¢ â€Å"To be the network of finest Public Healthcare Institutions which providing quality medical care services, preventive, promotive, curative rehabilitative health care services with the state of art technology, easy accessibility, affordability and equity to the people of Gujarat and beyond. 12 8 ?Health centers is committed to provide quality healthcare services. ?To provide the treatment as per the national and international standards. To provide treatment with the latest technology. ?To conduct trainings and workshops on regular intervals for skill development of the staffs. ?To improve the quality on continuous basis. ?To improve the quality of treatment as per the patient satisfaction survey. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Quality Objectives CoH CoH Quality Policy Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 13 ? Implementation of safety and quality practices. ? Incorporation of management tools. ? Building sustainability ? Benchmarking the indicators ? Continuous Quality Improvement ? To provide 24X7 quality services to the community. To organize and implement all the national programs. ? To provide right treatment through latest technology. ? To ensure safety of patient employ ee. ? To manage Human Resources for enhancing productivity. www. gujhealth. gov. in PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED CoH ? Formation of the committees give role and responsibility. ? Gap analysis in a standards formats and fulfilled these gaps. ? Patient and employee satisfaction survey ? Clinical protocol Standard Operation Procedure (SOPs). ? Monitoring of the quality indicators. ? Implementation of Patient Rights Responsibilities ? Facility Management Practices www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat A Case Study JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY 15 1 2 †¢ Internal assessment by Quality Assurance Team. †¢ Gap analysis and submission of report and Planning for full filling the gaps. 3 †¢ Develop the action programme for filled these gaps. †¢ Proposed to TSP, NREGA, NRHM, State budget and Vanbandhu for financial requirements to full fill the gaps. 4 role www. gujhealth. gov. in Cont†¦. Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat A Case Study JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY JOURNEY TOWARDS QUALITY 7 8 17 Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 14 ? Disaster Preparedness Plan ? Basic Infection Control Practices ? Management of Medication of Medication Code alerts ? Incidence Reporting System RED for FIRE, YELLOW for EXTERNAL ? Hospital Safety Programme CALAMITIES, BLUE for CARDIAC ARREST, ? Patient Information BLACK for BOMB T HREAT, ? Inventory Management PINK for CHILD ABDUCTION ? Quality Control Safety in diagnostics Control Safety in diagnostics 5 †¢ Regular training of core team on standards and objective elements. †¢ Formation of QA Manual, Policy, Procedure, Forms Formats and implement. Dr. J. L. Meena PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED CoH CoH †¢ Orientation to Quality NABH Standards to staffs. †¢ Formation of Committees and clarified their responsibility. CoH 16 CoH †¢ Fulfilled the Human resource, Infrastructure, equipment, instrument related gaps and Statuary requirements. †¢ AMC, Calibration insurance of the instruments. †¢ Internal Quality Control, External Quality Control. †¢ Regular Internal audit. †¢ Plan, Do, Check Act (PDCA Cycle for improvement) †¢ Application for Pre Assessment. †¢ Pre Assessment done by NABH Assessors from Quality Council of India. †¢ Fulfilled the Pre assessment gaps and application for final Assessment. Final Assessment done by NABH Assessors from Quality Council of India. †¢ Fulfilled the Final assessment gaps and accredited by NABH board, Quality Council of India. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 18 CoH CoH Journey of Quality Improvement (Cont)†¦ 5 Yea rs Back CoH Today Lack of standards of standards NABH Standards for Health Centers Standards for Health Centers No Gap analysis report in standard format. Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Journey of Quality Improvement (Cont)†¦ 5 Years Back 19 CoH Hygienic, Clean Green Hospital environment with infection control audit. Recruitment of staff as per workload through RKS and take specialist service outsource. Lack of trained health care staff for emergency (resuscitation) services, patient care service Healthcare management. No concept of internal audits (medical audit, clinical audit death audit etc). Dr. J. L. Meena Written policies procedures available. Poor sanitation, cleanliness infection control practices. Staff shortage so very poor specialist service. www. gujhealth. gov. in Statutory requirements fulfilled Absence of written policies procedures. Outcomes†¦.. Gaps identified and addressed. Lack of Statutory requirements (e. . Licenses, Acts, Rules Certificates). Staff trained in Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Lif Ad Life Support, PG QM AHO, NABH / NABL Assessors Kaizen. Staff trained as internal auditors, audits conducted to find out non conformances, corrective preventive measures taken to rectify it Dr. J. L. Meena www. gujhealth. gov. in Journey of Quality Improvement (C ont)†¦ Today 5 Years Back All required practices in place No Blood storage, CSSD, no separate OT for Eye Gynec. , Patients attendant launch facilities. Gynec Patients attendant launch facilities Blood storage, CSSD, separate OT for Eye Gynec, Patients attendant launch facilities are available Patients attendant launch facilities are available. Damaged and poor condition of building Staff Quarters. Repairing renovation done gynecology No Calibration system of Instruments for Quality check. Calibration system of Instruments for Quality check are available. CoH Shortage of equipments and proper ambulances (transport vehicle) . Sufficient equipments and ambulances with regular monitoring by a responsible person. Lack of accountability planning. Policy and processes for care of the patients in place Non Implementation of Different Codes in the facilities. Poor signage system. Well developed signage and displays for patient information. Absence of Patient Employees’ satisfaction. Established. No measurable parameter for patient safety. Measurable parameters for patient safety are available. No realization of problems and weaknesses. A clear understanding of what is lacking and what needs to be done. No monitoring or reporting of adverse events, needle stick injury, Sentinel events etc. These are being reported and are monitored. Practically non-existent security arrangement Availability of well trained security guards Absence of quality standards. Quality standards e. g. medical audit, management f medication, care of patients etc practiced No participation in EQAS/ inter laboratory Participation in EQAS / inter laboratory comparison comparisons and achieving good scores in it. Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Journey of Quality Improvement (Cont)†¦ 21 5 Years Back BLACK for BOMB THREAT, PINK for CHILD ABDUCTION www. guj health. gov. in Today Poor publicity of available services in the villages and in the community. Name of the Facility 3rd Party evaluation monitoring system by PRI members. All the service which are provide by the healthcare centre are display in the community and emergency ontact number also display. Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat A Success Story Quality Improvement Programme:- Gujarat Team work is available, role and responsibility of all staff is cleanly mention. No Evaluation and monitoring system by PRI members (3rd party evaluation). (3 RED for FIRE, YELLOW for EXTERNAL CALAMITIES, BLUE for CARDIAC ARREST, CoH No team work, only Individual approach rather then team . Unidentified role and responsibility of staffs. Total Facility Under NABH /NABL Total Facility Under NABH /NABL which catering Tribal population Total Accredited facilities CoH 23 11 2 Medical college Hospitals 2 0 0 Medical college, Blood banks 0 6 2 5 2 No display of the Right and respo nsibly of the patients and employees in the facilities. www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena 4 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Primary Health Centers (PHCs) 29 14 12 6 Community Health Centers (CHCs) Proper display of Right and responsibly of the patients and employees in the facilities. 2 2 Paraplegia Hospital, Ahmedabad Progress of the referred patient also monitoring by th the health centre on regular basis. ( Bi directional referral service). 6 Mental Hospitals Dental Hospitals No responsibility of referred patients . Medical college, Laboratories Proper monitoring of Up time, down time utilization of the instrument equipment. 26 11 1 1 NABL Food Drug Laboratories Total Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 23 22 Total Accredited facilities which catering tribal population District Hospitals No monitoring of Up time down time of the instruments. 20 Today Inadequate infrastructure for handling biomedical waste and infection control safety practices www. gujhealth. gov. in Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in 2 1 103 45 Dr. J. L. Meena 2 1 28 13 Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 24 India’s 1st 2nd NABH Accredited PHC CoH CoH from Tribal Area from Tribal Area www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Benefits to Patients 25 CoH Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme High Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 29 Time Morning: 9. 00 to 13. 00 Evening: 16. 00 to 18. 00 ,, ,, ,, 24 hours ,, ,, ,, ,, 9. 00 to 14. 00 Tuesday Friday 9. 00 to 16. 00 Daily ( Except holidays) Morning: 9AM to 1 PM Evening: 4 to 6 PM Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Provided baby kits to new born for prevent Infection hypothermia www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH Day Certificates of age, fitness and sickness Lab services Homeopathic treatment treatment Indoor services Delivery Emergency services Vehicle for referral Medico legal services MAMTA Clinic ( Immunization, medical check-up, treatment IEC Family planning services for treatment, IEC Family planning services for expectant mothers, children adolescent) 11 NSV, Abdominal tubectomy , MTP Hydrocele operation 12 All National Programme www. gujhealth. gov. in 26 Daily ( Except holidays) ,, ,, ,, Daily ,, ,, ,, ,, Monday OPD Services 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 27 CoH Availability of Services at PHC level 1 CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in Sr Name of service ?Availability of Health services with High quality of care. ?Dedicated and sincere medical staff ?Access to a quality focused organization ?Rights respected and protected ?Patient Satisfaction evaluated ?Involvement in care process ?Patient safety ?Pain management ?Safe transport ?Continuity of care www. gujhealth. gov. in India’s 1st NABH Accredited CHC Welcoming infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dr. J. L. Meena 28 CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 30 Quality Improvement Programme High Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme High Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH CoH CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Management of Medicine Management of Medicine†¦ 31 33 CoH Quality Improvement Programme High Quality of Care cont High Quality of Care cont†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 35 Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Qualitative Laboratory services Qualitative Laboratory services†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Safety of patients employees†¦ of patients employees www. gujhealth. gov. in 32 CoH Change the Scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Before www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH 34 CoH After Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 36 Change the Scenario†¦. Biomedical waste practice†¦ waste practice Before www. gujhealth. gov. in After Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Recreational skill development www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH CoH Dr. J. L. Meena CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Occupational Therapy Unit 37 39 CoH Change the Scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Safe drinking water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ drinking water After Before www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Recreational skill development www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Quality food services to patients attendants Quality food services to patients attendants†¦ 38 40 CoH CHC Bardoli, which catering Tribal Population www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 41 www. gujhealth. gov. in Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 2 India’s 1st NABH Accredited Mental Hospital Vadodara Hospital Vadodara CoH CoH NO. OF DELIVERY AT PHC CoH 44077 45000 41146 585 36867 40000 35000 600 33729 31359 582 586 513 500 30000 400 25000 20000 282 300 15000 200 10000 5000 86 1777 1719 1530 1414 1386 100 0 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 No. of OPD per Year 2011-12 Dr. J. L. M eena www. gujhealth. gov. in 0 2012-13 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 IPD Number per Year Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 43 PHC:- Salun, Dist:- Kheda www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH Adverse Donor Reaction CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 44 CoH Issue of Components CoH 9 59,481 50 45 40 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 60,000 39 54,067 50,000 42,033 32 40,000 25 20 30,000 23,849 20,000 13,820 10,000 0 2008-09 www. gujhealth. gov. in 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Blood Bank:- Civil Hospital Ahmedabad 2012-13 2008-09 Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Specimen Analysis 100000 45 CoH CoH 98 2012-13 Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 46 100 105 85 70 80 60000 2011-12 Critical value reporting CoH CoH 100 69010 59897 2010-11 Blood Bank:- Civil Hospital Ahmedabad 120 88660 78105 80000 www. gujhealth. gov. in 2009-10 60 40000 30522 40 20000 20 0 0 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2009 2010 011 2012 www. gujhealth. gov. in Biochemistry Lab:- Sir T Bhavnagar Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 47 www. gujhealth. gov. in Biochemistry Lab:- Sir T Bhavnagar Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 48 Benefits to Staff Surgical Site Infection (SSI) CoH CoH ?Professional staff development ?Provides education on laid down standards ?Provides leadership for quality improvement within medicine and nursing ?Increases satisfaction with continuous learning, good working environment, leadership and ownership 0. 59 0. 6 0. 5 0. 35 0. 4 0. 27 0. 3 0. 16 0. 0. 1 0 2009-10 www. gujhealth. gov. in 2010-11 2010 2011-12 2011 Dist Hospital:- Gandhinagar 2012-13 2012 Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Professional staff development Managerial / Administrative training to MO / Head. www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Professional staff development Special clinical skill training on minor surgical procedure, obstetrics care, new born care, basic life sup port and local anesthesia block. www. gujhealth. gov. in 49 Programme implementation training to MO / Head. Dr. J. L. Meena Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH 51 CoH www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Professional staff development Induction training to staff at all levels. ll www. gujhealth. gov. in 50 CoH Job based skills training. based skills training. Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Management Internal Audit Training Audit Training 52 CoH Disaster Management Disaster Management Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 53 www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 54 NABH ACCREDITATION AWARD FUNCTION BY GOVT. OF GUJARAT QCI, NEW DELHI www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Award for India 1st NABH Accredited Mental Hospital :- Hospital for Mental health – Vadodara, Govt of Gujarat given by Shri Jaynarayan Vyas, Hon’ble Health Minister, Government of Gujarat 55 Award for NABH Accredited PHC :- Primary Health Center – Kandolpada, Navsari-Gujarat, Govt of Gujarat given by Shri Jaynarayan Vyas, Hon’ble Health Minister, Government of Gujarat Benefits to Hospital CoH ?Improves care care ?Brings in Corporate Governance ?Stimulates continuous improvement ?Demonstrates commitment to quality care commitment to quality care ?Raises community confidence ?Opportunity to benchmark with the best Award for NABH Accredited PHC :- Primary Health Center – Tankal, Navsari-Gujarat, Govt of Gujarat given by Shri Jaynarayan Vyas, Hon’ble Health Minister, Government of Gujarat www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 60 Main entrance should be easily identifiable, welcoming, well lit and with mattress. CoH CoH PHC Mahuwas, Tribal area PHC www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 61 Quality Improvement Programme Welcoming infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ infrastructure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHC Bardoli, which catering Tribal Population www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme District Hospital Godhara (Tribal area) Hospital Godhara (Tribal area) CHC Bardoli, which catering Tribal Population CoH HMH Ahmedabad presents an excellent example of effective functioning of Boards of Visitors and active involvement of NGO sector in patients Care, Capacity building rehabilitation , and has the potential to become a good center of education and research in Mental Health Field Field. www. gujhealth. gov. in A – Grade Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 62 CoH DH Godhara, which catering Tribal Population www. gujhealth. gov. in Remarks of representative of National Human Right Commission (NHRC) now†¦ CoH 65 Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Benefits to Community 64 CoH ?Quality revolution ?Disaster preparedness preparedness – Epidemics – Physical ?Access to comparative database www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 66 All the Services provided by PHC Gadboriad are displayed in all the villages roadside www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Mock drill and training for disaster management management 67 CoH Mock drill and training for disaster anagement management www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Involvement in National Programme Involvement in National Programme†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena 68 CoH PHC PHC Tankal, Kandolpada Mahuwas, Navsari 69 CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Guja rat Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Mock drill and training for disaster management management PHC Tankal, Kandolpada Mahuwas, Navsari www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena CoH 71 www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat Quality Improvement Programme Involvement in National Programme Involvement in National Programme†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in 70 CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat 72 Quality Improvement Programme Malnutrition awareness Malnutrition awareness†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in CoH CoH Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat PRI Monitoring Evaluation of CHC 73 CoH Quality Improvement Programme AIDS awareness programme AIDS awareness programme†¦ www. gujhealth. gov. in Dr. J. L. Meena Health Family Welfare, Govt of Gujarat National International Team Visit Niziriya Team Visit CoH 74 CoH Visit by Rajasthan Govt. MLAs with Speaker WHO Team Visit www. gujhealth. gov. in How to cite Hospital Administration, Essay examples

Effective Speaking Skills free essay sample

So firstly what Is the purpose of the Icebreaker? Quite simply the Icebreaker Is designed to give new participants an introduction to public speaking; to give the speaker a feel for presenting a topic in front of a captive audience. The icebreaker is also used to discover speaking skills that you already have and identify which areas of your abilities need development. The icebreakers structure is typical to that of most speeches having an introduction, body and conclusion. Now without revisiting the fifth grade let me summarize quickly he most important features of each component.The introduction is used to reveal the topic and maybe most importantly. Continuing with your speech from this point would be futile if the listener has no reason to actively follow your speech. Great attention grabbers are things such as asking rhetorical questions, making startling statements, using humor or narrative and arousing curiosity. While most toastmasters are Just as good listeners as they are speakers it is a simple truth that, outside of these walls, unless you give someone a reason to listen to you; they onto. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Speaking Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The body of course is the crux of your talk and the reason you are standing in front of your peers. We will touch more on what the body of an icebreaker speech would normally include shortly. Finally the conclusion is used to summarize your speech and should always finish with impact. This can be achieved by closing with a quotation or narrative. The second and most unique component to the Icebreakers structure Is its timing. The Icebreaker Is a four to six minute speech and as you will notice on the timekeepers lights; the green light appears at four minutes, the amber t five and the red at six. So how do I write and present my Icebreaker speech?The best way to begin your speaking experience Is to talk about a familiar subject yourself. It would be near Impossible to condense your life Into 5 minutes so you must narrow It by selecting some significant and Interesting life events that will give your fellow toastmasters an Introduction and brief Insight Into you as an Individual. This might Include your birthplace, education, family and/or future ambitions. You could speak of your recent travels to Asia and tell of some funny stories whilst there r you could simply give a brief chronological account of your life to this point highlighting the key parts.Select your visual aids carefully should you choose to use them. Be wary not to provide too much or too little information so as to confuse the theory of relativity its simply a gross impracticality to provide all the information in a single slide expecting the listener to understand. Instead provide your visual be it a slide presentation or object with as much simplicity and symbolism as possible so as to maximize meaning whilst minimizing clutter.

Organic Products Essay Example

Organic Products Essay Definition of Ecopreneurship The term â€Å"ecopreneur† is derived from two terms which are â€Å"entrepreneur† and â€Å"ecology. An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods and who accepts the risks associated with them. (Schaper, Michael. 2002) He can be anyone who identifies an opportunity in a market and has a belief that it would succeed in the economy and on that belief he starts exploiting the opportunity. They may create a new organization or may be a part of an existing organization where they revitalize the organization in response to their perceived opportunity. Generally, the word entrepreneur is used to denote a person who starts a new business but with time and more understanding of the subject, the revised definition of an   entrepreneur also includes â€Å"intrapreneurs†, that is an entrepreneur operating within a corporate environment. Entrepreneurs are the strategic factors in economic development and the central factors in the trade cycle as they are the driving force of an economy. Ecology or environmental biology is the branch of biology which takes into consideration the examination of living organisms in the natural environment. It includes the study of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. (Goliath. 2002). The ecology has reached enormous importance in the last years because of man’s interest in the environment in which he lives and to find ways to protect the environment in order to make it sustainable. The word ecopreneur is a portmanteau of â€Å"ecological† and â€Å"entrepreneur. An ecopreneur is an individual who is focused on ecologically-friendly issues and causes, attempting to do business in a way which benefits the environment. He may not be a person or entity only involved in products like solar powered cells, water conservation system or compostable packaging. In fact, an ecopreneur is anyone who ranks environment more than or equally to profits as his most effective criteria as a business owner (reuters, 2007) . While many entrepreneurs may be motivated, at least in part, to the mantra of â€Å"greed is great† on their journey to becoming a millionaire, growing numbers of ecopreneurs are adopting a different course, focusing on solving the problems facing society through the businesses they create, greening their bottom line. Many are redefining their wealth, as we have, not by the size of their bank account or square footage of their home. Wealth is defined by life’s tangibles: health, wellness, meaningful work, vibrant community life and family. †(John Ivanko. . The main aim of an ecopreneur is to build a firm which is more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Sustainability development is a pattern of resource use such that it not only meets present human needs, but also preserves the environment so that the resource can also be utilized by the future generations. Sustainable business, or green business, is enterprise that has no negative impact on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy—a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line (people, planet and profit). We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Products specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Often, sustainable businesses have progressive environmental and human rights policies. In general, business is described as green if it matches the following four criteria: * It incorporates principles of sustainability into each of its business decisions. * It supplies environmentally friendly products or services that replace demand for nongreen products and/or services. * It is greener than traditional competition. * It has made an enduring commitment to environmental principles in its business operations. Who is an Ecopreneur An entrepreneur whose business efforts are not only driven by profit, but also by a concern for the environment†. (Schuyler. 1998). The terms such as â€Å"Sustainopreneur†, â€Å"environmental Entrepreneur† and â€Å"eco capitalist† are synonymous with ecopreneur. The characteristics of ecopreneur are: * They all undertake business ventures which involves a measure of risk * They must identify a feasible business opportunity * Th eir activities must have a positive impact on the environment. * The degree of intentionality separates ecopreneur from accidental entrepreneurs. Principles of ecopreneurship There are some basic principles and measurements that can help guide the practice of ecopreneur and provide some basic standards of principle to this emerging group. 1. Energy and Resource Use Efficiency and Maximization: â€Å"In nature, one-way linear flows do not long survive. Nor, by extension, can they long survive in the human economy that is a part of the earths ecosystem. The challenge is to redesign the materials economy so that it is compatible with the ecosystem†. (Lester Brown. Earth Policy Institute). By minimizing waste production and maximizing reuse of waste streams, sustainable business can potentially significantly increase profits. 2. Ecosystem Services: Services related to protection of ecosystem and natural resources and preventing environmental degradation can be an inspiration for a green business idea for ecopreneurs. 3. Natural step principles: Ecopreneurs can see potential risks, such as extinction of substances extracted from the Earth’s crust or overharvesting etc, as opportunities for success through green business. 4. Eco- efficiency and eco-effectiveness: Ecopreneurs should find methods of decreasing waste while increasing productivity such that the waste of the production process and the product itself can be the raw materials of a new product of service. Drivers and Challenges The driving forces behind ecopreneurship are as follows: 1. Global population growth: Ecopreneurs realize that as the resources and land area is limited, so it is their responsibility to ensure that there are enough resources not only to fulfill the needs of the current population which is growing continuously, but also for the future generations. Hence they should find ways to conserve energy, materials, and resources by developing new technologies or finding ways to control birth rate and finding ways to meet the food and shelter demand for the growing population in order to make sustainability possible. 2. Increasing life expectancy: Ecopreneurs value life, not only their own and of family members, but of the whole humanity. They want everyone to live a longer and healthier life, that is why they develop products and ways to increase life expectancy such as healthier food, purified water etc. . Climate change: Climate shapes the way we live on this planet and the way we live, work and play is advertently changing the climate. The pollutants released in the air due to use of fossil fuels is adversely affecting the climate. In order to sustain the climate, ecopreneurs are involved in finding alternate ways to produce energy such as using wind, water and solar energy. 4. Resource scarcity: The diminishing natural resources are a great issue as we will be left with no natural resources if we do not sustain them. In order to sustain them, ecopreneurs constantly look for alternatives by recycling them or using a cheaper, abundantly available resource if possible. 5. Lack of equity in the world: The people of the world are living in a continuum, with one end which has all the facilities of the world including the best quality food, water and home, while on the other end are people who do not even have the basic necessities of life. Ecopreneurs want to make sure that every living being on the world is treated equally so that no one is deprived of anything. That is why they are active members of movements such as WTO and also find ways to produce goods and services affordable by everyone. They are also involved in philanthropic acts such as giving charity donations to help the deprived people of the society (Environlution, 2010). Organic Food as Eco Friendly Product Organic foods are foods that are produced using methods that do not involve modern synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers, do not contain genetically modified organisms, and are not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or chemical food additives. For the vast majority of human history, agriculture can be described as organic; only during the 20th century was a large supply of new synthetic chemicals introduced to the food supply. The organic farming movement arose in the 1940s in response to the industrialization of agriculture known as the Green Revolution. Organic food production is a heavily regulated industry, distinct from private gardening. Currently, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan and many other countries require producers to obtain special certification in order to market food as organic within their borders. ORGANIC VERSUS CONVENTIONALLY- PRODUCED FOOD Although the attributes associated with organic foods may be difficult to identify by visual inspection alone, most consumers purchase organic products because of a perception that these products have unique (and in some cases superior) attributes compared to conventionally grown alternatives (Vindigni et. al, 2002). On the other hand, a major rea son why some consumers do not purchase organic foods is linked to a perception that such foods are not better than their conventionally produced alternatives (Jolly et al. 1989). There is, thus, a continuing debate about whether organically produced products are superior to and/or different from conventionally produced alternatives and, if so, in terms of what characteristics. * CONSUMER AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ORGANIC FOOD The environmental ethic that gained worldwide prominence with Earth Day 1990 placed emphasis on individual responsibility (for personal health) and social action (on environmental quality and animal welfare) (MacEachern 1990; Jolly, 1991). Personal responsibilities include making informed consumer choices. This, in turn, requires consumer knowledge and awareness about competing products. Knowledge and awareness have other direct and indirect effects on attitudes toward consumer products, and the willingness to pay a price premium. Because organic products are credence goods, consumers (unlike producers who are aware that their products are organic) may not know whether a product is produced using organic or conventional methods, not even after repeated purchase and consumption, unless they are told so (Giannakas, 2002). Thus, awareness and knowledge about organically produced foods are critical in the consumer purchase decisions. If an individual cannot clearly differentiate between two alternative products, a price premium on the organic product can confuse and/or affect the individual’s purchasing decision, in favor of the cheaper product. Most studies on consumer knowledge about organic products reflect a conceptual belief that is true and justified. Consequently, studies typically use measurement methods that essentially rely on correctness to answers on survey questionnaire (Hunt, 2003). Correct (or incorrect) responses imply that the respondent has knowledge (or does not have knowledge) about organic foods and products. Hunt (2003) has noted some limitations associated with such a narrow definition of consumer knowledge, and proposed a wider definition and measurement that captures other important, but often neglected, dimensions of knowledge. Studies that investigated the level of consumer awareness and knowledge about organic foods include Jolly et al. (1989), Ekelund (1990), Akgungor et al. 1997), Hutchins and Greenhalgh (1997), Wang et al. (1997), Compagnoni et al. (2000), Environics (2001), Oystein et al. (2001), Kenano? lu and Karahan (2002), Cunningham (2002), Demeritt (2002), Hill and Lynchehaun (2002). A critical review of these studies suggests that, overall, there is some consumer awareness about organic foods around the world. This awareness is high especially in Western Europe, where the organic market is relatively well developed, compared to other reg ions of the world. Consumer awareness of organic products in North America compares reasonably well with that of Western Europe. Although there is general consumer awareness around the world, the literature also suggests that consumers have inconsistent interpretations about what is ‘organic’. For example, in a survey of consumers in three California counties, Jolly et al. (1989) found that respondents associated organic produce with no pesticides, no artificial fertilizer, no growth regulators, and residue-free products. Similarly, survey respondents in the UK perceived ‘organic farming’ to imply absence of chemicals, ‘absence of growth hormones’, and ‘not intensively grown’ or ‘products grown naturally’ (Hutchins and Greenhalgh, 1997). In a more recent study for the UK, respondents described organically produced food as one that is more natural and healthy, compared to conventional food (Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002). Furthermore, there was no difference in the UK consumers’ understanding of â€Å"organic† among organic and non-organic food buyers. In other words, both buyers of organic and non-organic products felt that organic alternatives have no pesticides and/or use no chemical fertilizers, and are natural and healthy. In contrast, Jolly (1991) reported a substantial difference in how US buyers and non-buyers rated organic product quality, compared to conventionally grown products. Consumer knowledge and awareness will continue to be important in the organic food market in two respects. First, there is still a segment of the potential market that is not yet informed about organic foods. For example, in a US study which reported that knowledge and awareness was considered the number one reason why consumers do not buy organic food, 59% respondents indicated that they never considered organic products because they did not know about them (Demeritt, 2002). A second dimension to the knowledge and awareness puzzle is the possibility that those who do not consider organic products may have a general knowledge about them, but do not have enough detailed information to clearly differentiate the unique attributes of organic from conventionally grown alternatives. In summary, knowledge and awareness about organic products can affect attitudes and perceptions about the product and, ultimately, buying decisions. If the skepticism about organic products stemming, in part, from reported cases of mislabeling and fraud are assuaged, perceptions about the appeal and inherent characteristics of organic may translate into actual demand. * CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS Consumers actions regarding organic food stem from attitudes that in turn, are linked to a complex set of ideas, motivations and experiences. Beliefs and perceptions are highly subjective notions (Fishbein and Ajzein, 1975), because they reflect opinions about the objective state of the world. Although in reality such perceptions may or may not be true, the individual who holds the perception thinks that it is true. Given Lancasters (1966) notion that consumers demand bundles of product characteristics, perceptions about particular (desirable) characteristics of organic food can influence a buyers choice. Studies on consumer perceptions about organic versus conventionally produced food therefore attempt to determine what consumers think is true. By comparison, consumer attitudes are likes and dislikes. That is, the positive and negative orientations toward organic or conventionally grown food. Weistberg et al. (1996) argued that consumer preference for a particular product is based on attitudes toward available alternatives. Thus if consumers are asked to indicate their preferences regarding organically versus conventionally produced food, such respondents typically compare their attitudes toward the methods of purchasing the goods, and/or the product characteristics under consideration, before stating their preferences. Although particular attitudes are often assumed to lead to specific behaviors, the food and nutrition science and social-psychological literature provide limited evidence to support the assumption (Goldman and Clancy, 1991; Sims, 1980). Overall, the scholarly literature suggests that various consumer attitudes work in contrasting ways- for and against purchasing organic products. Several consumer studies have been undertaken in North America and Europe to assess consumer perceptions about organic foods (e. g. Hay, 1989; Ott, 1990; Huang et al, 1990, Huang et al, 1993; Misra et al, 1991; Jolly et al, 1989; Jolly, 1991; Goldman and Clancy, 1991; Ekelund, 1990; Baker and Crosbie, 1993; Swanson and Lewis, 1993; Groff et al, 1993; Sylvander, 1993; Buzby and Kees, 1994; Byrne et al, 1994; Fricke and von Alvensleben, 1997; Hack, 1997; Hutchins and Greenlagh, 1997; The Packer, 1998; Thompson and Kidwell, 1998; Oystein et al, 2001, O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002; Jolly, 2001; The Packer, 2001; Demeritt, 2002; Wolf, 2002; Cunningham, 2002). The key findings from selected studies on consumers’ attitudes and preferences about organic foods are summarized in Table 4. Most of these studies concluded that consumers purchase organic foods because of a perception that such products are safer, healthier, and more environmental friendly than conventionally produced alternatives. Some studies reported health and food safety as the number one quality attribute considered by organic product buyers. Concern for the environment was less important compared to food safety and health concerns, suggesting that such consumers might rank private or personal benefits higher than the social benefits of organic agriculture. * CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR ORGANIC FOOD Consumer preference for organic food is based on a general perception that organic products have more desirable characteristics than conventionally grown alternatives. Apart from health, food safety and environmental considerations, several other product characteristics such as nutritive value, taste, freshness, appearance, color and other sensory characteristics influence consumer preferences (Bourn and Prescott, 2002). Studies that investigated the effect of organic quality attributes and other characteristics on consumer preferences include Jolly et al. , 1989; Hay, 1989; Ekelund, 1990; Jolly, 1991; Jolly and Norris, 1991; Sylvander, 1993; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Huang, 1996; Kyriakopoulos et al. 1997; Schifferstein and Oude-Ophuis, 1998; Akgungor et al. , 1997; Mahesh et al. , 1997; Land, 1998; Torjusen et al. , 1999; The Packer, 2001; Meatnews, 2001; Loureiro et al. , 2001; Aguirre, 2001; Demeritt, 2002; Wolf, 2002; and Cunningham, 2002. These studies differ in several respects, making comparisons across studies difficult. For example, there is inconsistency in defining the concept of quality. Thus, while some studies examined quality in terms of both sensory and nutritive characteristics, others differentiate sensory characteristics from nutritive attributes. Thus, different studies may have conveyed different notions of quality to the various survey respondents. In general, the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that product quality characteristics affect consumers’ preferences for organic food; with the most important including nutritional value, economic value, freshness, flavor or taste, ripeness, and general appearance (especially of fruits and vegetables). Wolf (2002), for example, reported that respondents in California rated fresh-tasting and fresh-looking grapes as the most desirable attribute. Other North American surveys that ranked taste as the most important quality characteristic influencing consumer demand include The Packer (2002), Cunningham (2002), and Demerit (2002). The Packer (2002) reported that 87% of US respondents identified taste as the primary factor considered in the purchase of fresh produce. Cunningham (2002) also reported that 93% of Canadian respondents prefer food products with good taste. In contrast, studies for other parts of the world (e. g. , Jolly et al. , 1989; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Torjusen et al. 1999) reported that consumers ranked nutritional value and freshness higher than taste and other related quality characteristics. While most studies reviewed for North America tended to suggest that consumers rank taste and related sensory characteristics as more important than food safety and environmental concerns, studies in the other regions (such as the EU) tended to place health and food safety, and environmental concerns at the top of the pr eference ranking (see, for example, Sylvander, 1993; Shifferstein and Oude Ophuis, 1997; Akgungor et al. 1997; Aguirre, 2001; Sandalidou et al. , 2002). What seems clear, and consistent across studies, is that consumers in all regions tend to prefer locally grown organic produce, compared to shipments from other places. In addition, organic product purchase decisions tend to be influenced more by product quality and other inherent characteristics, than by price premium. On the other hand, several studies (e. g. , Sylverstone, 1993; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Davies et al. , 1995; Roddy et al. , 1996; Latacz-Lohman and Foster, 1997, Worner and Meier-Ploeger, 1999; Oystein et al. 2001; Demeritt, 2002; O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002) reported that price premium, lack of knowledge and product availability were the major reasons preventing non-buyers from purchasing organic food. Demeritt (2002), for example, reported that the most important reason why US consumers did not purchase orga nic food was lack of knowledge or awareness. About 59% of those who did not purchase organic products indicated they never really considered organic, while 39% indicated that price was the main inhibiting factor. Another 16% reported they did not purchase organic foods because of limited availability. Davies et al. (1995) and O’Donovan and McCarthy (2002) also reported product availability and price as key inhibitors to consumers’ demand for organic foods in Ireland. According to Davis (1995), two-thirds of non-buyers of organic food in Ireland reported they would buy organic if it was easily available. By comparison, O’Donovan and McCarthy (2002) reported that among Irish respondents who did not purchase organic food, 43% indicated it was too expensive, 28% cited lack of availability, while 29% were just not interested. Challenges in Organic Food Industry Successful transition from niche to mainstream status The major challenge the organic food industry faces is the successful transition from niche to mainstream status. Although organic foods are becoming more visible in European food retailers, they have yet to acquire broad appeal with consumers. Organic foods are not considered to have mainstream status since a small amount of consumers account for the majority of purchases in most countries. For instance, consumer research shows that 61% of organic foods in the UK are purchased by 7% of consumers. In Denmark, 1% of consumers account for 80% of purchases. Although many consumers are now buying organic foods in European countries, a small consumer base is responsible for the bulk of purchases. This is responsible for slowing growth rates in countries like Denmark and the UK. Organic foods need to have broader consumer appeal if they are to take mainstream status in the food industry and the major challenge faced by many organic food companies is how to expand the loyal consumer base. Prevention of fraudulent business practices A number of cases have been reported in the last couple of years of non-organic food being labelled and sold as organic food. For instance, in May 2001 it was discovered that 20,000 tonnes of non-organic grain was imported and sold as organic grain to unsuspecting British organic farmers and producers. This is a major threat to the industry for consumers purchase organic foods because of the belief that it has been grown according to organic farming principles. The continuation of these fraudulent cases risks undermining consumer confidence in organic foods. Consumer demand for organic foods, especially imported products, could collapse if this type of fraud continues. Continuing political support required for industry development. There is growing pressure to reform the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and changes are likely in the short term. There is a need for political representation of organic farming. Organic farming needs to be promoted at the ministerial level as a sustainable form of agriculture. The question is: who will take the lead with political change happening on a regular basis due to the growing trend of coalition governments? Protection of price premium Organic foods, because of their nature of production, have a price premium over conventional foods. This can range from 15% for organic milk to over 100% for some organic exotic fruit and specialty cheeses. There is growing pressure for organic food growers and producers to reduce production costs. This pressure comes from retailers, which attempt to narrow the price premium as low as possible in order to encourage consumer demand. The major barrier to product adoption in many countries consumers is the high price. The concern is that this pressure could translate into a compromise in organic standards and the method of production. For instance, organic farmers can be tempted to produce to the lowest standards of organic production in order to cut costs. This is likely to erode consumer confidence and promote divisions in the organic food industry on the lines of organic standards. Recommendations for organic food industry * Food safety, hygienic regulations and consumer protection †¢ Politicians and decision makers should promote the idea of mature and responsible producers and consumers with regard to food safety. Controls and liability for food safety should not be burdened only on the shoulders of governments and authorities. Citizens will relieve authorities by accepting responsibility too. †¢ The duty of governments and authorities will only be to function as controllers of private control services. †¢ Producers, processors, traders and consumers should hold regular meeting s on round tables and develop mutual confidence with the aim to accept together responsibility for food safety. †¢ Fair prices (no dumping prices) for high quality and healthy food are an important precondition to guarantee food safety. The practiced biodynamic farm model to produce a high percentage of the animal feedstuff directly on the farm and use mainly the own fertilizer is a very suitable one to ensure food safety. * Food quality †¢ Creation of consciousness that food quality means more than producing hygienic sound nutrition. †¢ Food quality must not be reduced only to chemical detectable contents. †¢ Conventional food quality analyses should be supplemented by other analytical methods that can detect vital force in foodstuffs. †¢ The production of superior food quality( that fulfils all quality aspects) should be promoted. Education in organic farming †¢ Promoting education of children in schools about organic food and agriculture. †¢ Est ablishing and funding of vocational education programs especially for organic Farming. †¢ Funding of practical studies and training in organic farming organizations. Reference * Website http://www. quicklogodesign. com/blog/ecopreneurship-entrepreneurs-and-ecology. * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_business * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Triple_bottom_line#Definition * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Principles_of_ecopreneurship * http://academic-papers. rg/ocs2/session/Papers/F6/216-2066-1-DR. doc * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Organic_food * http://www. just-food. com/analysis/european-organic-food-industry-challenges-future-outlook_id93636. aspx * http://demeter. net/brussels/di_eu_action_plan. pdf * http://www. greenprof. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/The-Making-of-the-Ecopreneur. pdf http://www. ajofai. info/Abstract/Consumer%20knowledge%20and%20perception%20about%20organic%20food%20a%20challenge%20for%20consumer%20education%20on%20the%20benefits%20of%20goi ng%20organic. pdf

Mark Moris Dance Concert essays

Mark Moris Dance Concert essays There is no more musical, inventive, volatile or entertaining dance maker currently afoot......... Morris alone is infusing American modern dance with the freshness that may rescue it from a weary formula and resuscitate it for a younger generation. - Allan Ulrich, San Francisco Examiner. The Mark Morris concert is one of the most memorable concerts that I have been too. It was an unforgettable experience. Modern Dance has now come to be greatly appreciated all round the world. Mark Morris is considered as the soul of modern dancing. He was born on August 29th 1956 in Seattle Washington. During his appraisal he worked with many reputed dance companies which included Hannah Kahn Dance Company, Laura Dean Dancers and Musicians and various others. In 1980 he founded the Mark Morris Dance Group. On the15th and 16th of February 2002 the Mark Morris Dance Group came to perform at the George Mason University. It was very surprising to see that the hall was filled to its capacity. It was interesting to see that there are so many people who attend, appreciate and encourage performers such as these. This performance was sponsored by the Phillip Morris Companies Inc. Mark Morris was the artistic director, Barry Alterman was the general director and Nancy Umanoff was the executive director. The program included four main items- 1} I dont want love; 2} Dancing Honeymoon; 3} Peccadillos and 4} V. All the four items were unique and differed from each other to a great extent thus continuously managing to keep the audience engaged. The first item was I dont want to love; this sequence was very subtle and pleasant. The music that was chosen for this piece was not in English it was Spanish music which was performed by a live band. It was amazing to see how well the orchestra, the singer and the dancers were coordinated. The costumes chosen for this sequence were appropriate; they were whi ...

Trials of conventional criminals and terrorists Essay

Trials of conventional criminals and terrorists - Essay Example ition (in all of its senses, military or paramilitary, solutions, specialist courts or tribunals.† (Renwick & Treverton, p.1) Conventional criminals mostly commit crimes in their own country and hence the trials of such criminals are easy for the court. On the other hand in most of the cases terrorist commit crime in another country and hence their trial often poses lot of headaches to the court. Four essentials of a conventional criminal trial system are: strong and independent prosecutors; efficient and properly paid defence lawyers; ready access by defence lawyers to their clients in custody; and a modern communications system. (Review of the Criminal Courts of England and Wales) Conventional trial of a criminal often conducted in a criminal or magistrate court with the help of a judge, prosecutors, criminal advocates, witnesses etc. The judge will hear the claims of both the prosecution advocate and the criminal advocate before reaching the conclusion and declaring whether the accused committed any crime or not. In order to convince the judge the advocates (prosecution and criminal) usually presents evidences and witnesses along with the first information report (FIR) by the police who investigated the crime. The advocates will cross exam the evidences and the witnesses in order to prove their arguments. Finally the judge will reach a conclusion after hearing and evaluat ing all the arguments and evidences and will declare his verdict. Trial of a terrorist usually involves lot of complicated procedures. Quiet often special courts have been put up in order to conduct a proper and fair trial for the crime conducted by the terrorists. â€Å"In deciding whether to charge suspected terrorists, and in conducting their trials, prosecutors have difficult choices to make while maintaining proper standards of conduct. The first question, however, is how and in what context terrorists should be prosecuted.† (Renwick & Treverton, p.10) â€Å"Civilian courts do not provide

Health Care Communication Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Health Care Communication Methods - Essay Example This is a very effective method because the administration is assured that the message has reached the right people. In addition, the people would be given a chance to air their grievances which must be incorporated in the overall strategy so as to reduce the level of resistance. Furthermore, face-to-face communication method provides the administration with a platform to observe and note the real reaction of the people who are involved in the whole process. The people are the one to be affected by the process. As a result, they are likely to give out very crucial suggestions that may make the process to be more smooth and friendly. One of the major disadvantages of using this method of communication is that it is expensive and requires a large number of subordinates in order to pass the information to all people. The organization need to train them in order to ensure that the information passed is credible and according to the expectations of the administration. The method is also e xpensive. Hiring and assigning these educators is an expensive affair which might affect the overall performance of the organization (DuPreÃŒ , 2010). Therefore, when it is undertaken, the administration must have considered all the other available methods of communication. Another disadvantage is that it is time consuming. The population that will be affected by the changes is very large. Reaching all of them would be a very hard task that will take time. In addition, some of the people may need more time in order to understand the whole concept. This may delay the process, an aspect that might affect its success. Therefore, other methods should be given the first priority. This is still an effective method of passing information to the people. The health care organization involved can post an advert in the local dailies. However, before this strategy is used, a research should be conducted to study.

Criminal Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Criminal Investigation - Essay Example Similarly, objects can point in the direction of the fire since objects melt in the direction of the fire. 2. Source of the fire. This clue usually indicated by an area with the worst damage since the fire burns for a longer time at the origin. Structural damage can also help to identify the origin of the fire as structures tend to collapse from the most weakened part due to longer burning (Russell 2009). According to Fire investigations (2013), the most decisive evidence in the case of arson is the presence of accelerants, which act to tamper with the fire triangle, a source of fuel, oxygen, and heat. The presence of accelerants shows that the fire was not unintentional but an act of arson. Where there is evidence as to assess of the place, such as tools used for forced entry, as well as witnesses where their testimonies are also essential since they support the conviction of arson. Evidence regarding the content of the building prior to the fire is also vital as it can indicate motive in the fire. Motive in this case may result from movement of goods out of the building prior to the fire for insurance fraud or starting the fire to conceal a previous

Collective Programming Of The Mind Cultural Studies Essay

Collective Programming Of The Mind Cultural Studies Essay Many researchers have provided different frameworks to describe the elements of culture that relate to business patterns around the world. But here we would discuss how these frameworks apply over CHINA and AFRICA, which has so many cultures and religions within it. Dutch expert, Geert Hofstede has provided his research framework from the results of his extensive study of national cultures. He did this study on IBM employees in 40 different countries and gave four dimensions of culture (Hofstede, 1983). But later a fifth dimension Long-term orientation was added to his framework which he developed with colleague Michael Bond. The below paragraphs will discuss briefly on the Hofstede and Trompenaars find out the cultural fit between China and Africa Power distance is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. Of note is Chinas significantly higher Power Distance ranking of 80 compared to the Africa which averages about 49, and the world average of 55. The above result indicates that there is a high level of inequality in terms of authority and wealth in a social set up. The situation is created but the cultural heritage and was not forced upon. (Hofstede, 1984). As said by Hofstede, power distance between management and employees is very high. The seniority concept is been implied in all the company structures both in private and public sectors. The age factor also plays a vital role and giving respect to elderly person is a must in both the culture. Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Collec tivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which throughout peoples lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty(Hofstede, 1984). A culture is determined as individualistic or collectivistic by the means of three main factors. They are complexity of the society, affluence of the society, heterogeneity (Triandis 1994). China is a typical collectivist society where harmony is valued very high. Harmony can be found in many ways in case of the Chinese. Dignity, self-respect, and prestige are some of the attributes which they would call it as Saving ones face. Therefore, social relationships including senior- junior relationship in business organisation in China are maintained with harmony. Chinese managers involve lot of sentiments in their decision making rather than using rational powers in leadership performance. Adele says that most of the African countries are low on IDV but in contract South Africa alone has a high IDV of 65 because of the European influence in the country. This high score of IDV is indicative of different cultures existing in South Africa and how much they prefer to use their reasonable powers in terms of mangers and their leadership. Chinese masculinity index in Hofstede Dimension is at 66, and the world average also stands at 50 (See appendix). The difference in the values of men and women infers from the higher rank of the country in this dimension. On comparing the world average Masculinity and uncertainty avoidance are relatively higher. A glance on the appendix, very few listed countries have such high masculinity index. In China, masculinity is higher than the figure actually shows as males are valued more than females, and the masculinity of China (66) is quite close to that of South Africas masculinity index which is 63. Chinese lowest ranking dimension is Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) at 40 and South Africa at 49, when compared to the world average of 65. Openness towards unstructured ideas and situations can be found while going down the ranking (Hofstede, Website). The population may have fewer rules and regulations with which to attempt control of every unknown and unexpected event or situation, as is the case in high Uncertainty Avoidance countries. Future is unpredictable in both the countries; People are more concerned in saving money for the future generations because of the highly unsecured feeling which is entirely diversified from the developed country were people tend to spend money. The families in China and Africa are closely bounded in terms of financial needs and wants. Hence Hofstedes view on this index is a real fact. A Chinese value survey was created by Hofstede and bond, (1988) and was surveyed across 23 countries. The results of which combined with an understanding of the influence of the teaching of Confucius on the East, long term vs. short term orientation became the fifth cultural dimension. China leads this dimension with 118 while Africa has no long term orientation in Hofstedes index. Fons Trompenaars and Hampten Turnerss Cultural Dimensions. To find various ideas on the national culture, Fons Trompenaars a Dutch culturist who is a researcher on international culture and Charles Hampden-Turner (a dilemma enthusiast) combined together to find national culture. The finding of broad general rules is called as Universalism; it helps in finding the best rule when there arent any rules that fit in. Particularism on the other hand is about finding exceptions. When no rules fit, it judges the case on its own merits, rather than trying to force-fit an existing rule. China and Africa are mixture of the both. Each culture differs from the way it carries out various operations than the other. Chinese and Africans have a much particularized culture about their family and friends. Rules and regulations are common for all the people whereas the government scheme preference differs for each and every class and state of people. Integrating brings things together to build the big picture. It assumes that if you have your head in the weeds you will miss the true understanding (Richard, 2002). (Turner and Trompenaars,1997) says Individualism is about the rights of the individual. It seeks to let each person grow or fail on their own, and sees group-focus as denuding the individual of their inalienable rights. Communitarian is about the rights of the group or society. It seeks to put the family, group, company and country before the individual. It sees individualism as selfish and short-sighted. In his views Individualism means people who consider only themselves first than others and communitarian mean a person who considers themselves to be a part of a group or a community or people sharing same beliefs and views. China and Africa both has a communitarian culture and people wanted their family friends to be around them during their good and bad situations. People always wanted to work as a group initially but now a day due to huge influences of western culture the trend has started to move more towards individualism. South Africa where there is a heavy influence of the F rench are tend to be more Individualistic than the other parts of Africa. Whereas, people from interior part of Africa are still communistic and tend to depend on family, friends, and the close circle relation. Achieved status means getting to the desired status by means of hard work and performance. In South Africa, status is achieved by means of performance and dedication towards work. It assumes that the individuals or organisations earn and lose their status every day, and that other means of achieving status are recipes for failure. Ascribed status means to gain status either by heritage or by seniority without taking into account of the performance based considerations. It is believed that status is acquired by right rather than daily performance, which may be as much luck as judgement. It finds order and security in knowing where status is and stays, (Turner and Trompenaars, 1997). (Trompenaars,1993) says that people from emotional cultures like china and most of Africa does business in an unbiased culture, where it is important to do the paper work and to bind them legally. People from emotional culture should understand that lack of emotion does not necessarily mean that people from unbiased cultures do not have emotion or sentiments rather it means that people from such culture usually do not express their emotions to others. But when it comes to work culture, they do not give any room for emotions and sentiments. Chinese people usually are open to share common private issues to others but only to a certain extent. They are very much hesitant to share deep and personal issues to common people other than their family and close friends. This type of culture is also known as specific culture. On the other hand, a culture where public and private spaces are similar in size is a diffuse culture. According to (Turner and Trompenaars, 1997) individuals guard their public space because entry into public space allows them into their private space. South Africans usually follow this type of culture. Equality refers to people having equal status, equal rights irrespective of their birth, caste or creed. Hierarchy refers to the individuals who are superior to others in terms of the power or authority they possess. In China the hierarchy nature is followed in many private and all the public sectors. People in higher positions take decisions and others will have to take it. In most of the private sectors the owner of the company takes the decision which directly implies on the employees which may be both positive and negative in nature. In China the hierarchy nature is followed in many private and all the public sectors. People in higher positions take decisions and others will have to take it. In most of the private sectors the owner of the company takes the decision which directly implies on the employees which may be both positive and negative in nature. After examining the work of Hofstede and Trompenaars dimensions on China and Africa, we can say that there are various differences in both the culture. Both, language and traditional culture differs from one another and there are key cultural problems when considering a merger between the two cultures and companies. Below listed are the some of the problems identified as cultural barriers. One of the commonly noted barriers is communication and language stands as a primary problem when considering a organisational merger between China and Africa. The various languages such as French, English, and Portuguese in different regions are spoken in Africa. On the other hand Chinese speak only Phyia language and is still the lone user of the language in the world. The method of expressions and the way of communicating things are very different between the two countries. Chinese language and expressions are defined and ambiguous, were according to (Chang, 1999). (Ma, 1996 and Toomey, 1988) investigated characteristics of Chinese style of communication giving much importance to saving of face, promoting indirect communication, practicing deference, avoiding confrontation and placing a greater burden on receivers to interpret messages. According to another author McCrea (2004), in his research sample it is proved that Chinese are more assertive people than that of Africans. It is also said that to learn the languages and the methods used by the Africans will cost more for the Chinese organisations than other western countries. Thus leads a bigger worry for setting a work pattern together. The second most problem is the difference in the work pattern. The Chinese companies have opened the trade globally only a little more than ten years and also known for being one of the most productive people in the world because they work in most difficult and critical situations across the globe. While, most of the Africans had been used as slaves for many centuries ago and by the influence of that Africans usually do not work as much as the other people do. People who lived in rural areas had a very strong ability for the survival from a critical surroundings and their attitude towards work is taken very light and most of them have dont care attitude towards work and salaries (Jian, 2003). It will be important for a manager to mould these indifferences and enhance the maximum out of the employees who do not have similar work pattern other. One of the challenges for the organisation will be to offset the differences in the religion from employees from both the countries. In China, there are a large number of people, who are atheist, who do not believe in any deities. They are the highest in the world with 91% in terms of non believers. They have Christians, Muslims, and Buddhist in very less numbers and they all account for only 4 to 6 % in total (Central Agency of the USA, 2008), While religion in Africa is versatile, and most of the m follow either Christianity or Islam. After religion, the bigger challenge will be to bring these two different cultures to group as one and extract work out of them. According to (Vacas et al., 2003), the coexistence of overseas investing companies and the local communities is a famous research project in itself. Many companies from the west have existed in Africa for a very long time than the Chinese but still there is lots of conundrum for them to take it forward. It is very difficult to coexist as a one team with the native and foreign people to live harmoniously is a crucial hitch for all the MNCs. Harmony with the local environment will enhance a much better environmental setup for both the Chinese and Africans and will lead to achieving better management goals. As there are not many mergers between the Chinese and the Africans it will be even more difficult task to bind them together as a one unit. Recommendations for the African and Chinese Managers: After many arguments put forward, this shows that there are various differences in cultural aspects between china and Africa. Though there is continuity in the business transactions between the two countries, there is a significant use of absolute power by both the Chinese and African managers. Hence managers from both the countries who will lead a team in a cross-cultural context are suggested as below: The first and foremost aspect in culture is to respect other cultures and to have tolerance level for different religion and cultures. According to (Hofstede,1994) the cultural differences will not change for at least next ten decades. The existence of the cultural differences creates cultural clashes everywhere in the society. Similarly even in organisation these days with more development and advancement of globalisation concept is taking a heavy toll on cultural diversity and with that manager from different cultures get involved in such clashes directly or indirectly. It is very important for the manager to understand and solve the cultural issues, play a vital role in assessing the effectiveness of a manager and as well as the organisation as a whole. Thus it is important for the organisation to maintain tolerance of all cultures and traditions also it is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that the Chinese and Africans work along with each other to keep the relationship harmonious with their fellow mates.Secondly the organisations should take active part to educate the employees on various cultures and involve them in cross-cultural activities. The cross-cultural activities will make the employees to appreciate different cultural values and in turn will change the ignorance towards a particular culture or religion. (Samovar Porter, 1991) identified these values at three different perspectives and they are superficial culture traits, awareness of significant and subtle cultural traits that contrast markedly with anothers, and awareness of how another culture feels from the insiders perspective. In the first place managers from both the cultures should know the resemblance and variations between the Chinese and African cultures. The managers from both the countries should use their own judgement while using their authority considering their own experience from respective cultures. This is done so as to facilitate a clear understanding of using ones own authority and putting themselves in each others position before extending their use of authority on others. In the second place, only rigorous cross-cultural communication can eradicate any misunderstanding between the Chinese and African managers. These cross-cultural training also helps managers to change their behaviour and leadership pattern towards different cultures. Many MNCs give significant importance to cross-cultural communications and is considered a key factor in evaluating managers leadership skills. African and Chinese managers need to measure their own and other parties use of power. After analysing this at the third level, they will also have to examine their control over the power source from each others perspective respectively. After examination, the manager should move forward from being keen observers of the targeted culture to be an effective impact on that culture. Only after this can managers understand his/her foreign counterparts and subordinates to a n extent, perceiving his/her use of power sources. In addition, a manager also needs to show his subordinates that how much a manager can utilise the power source and to what extent he/she can use it effectively. It is very important for the managers to reveal their powers so that it can be used effectively and while acting to be an insider of another culture may spread information quickly than other means. And thirdly and the most important is to improve use of power sources according to culture. There have been various studies which have been undergone to research the relationship that exists between the managers primary power sources and the subordinates performances. The outcome of these studies shows that there is a major impact on the appropriate power sources by the situational variables. This specific outcome has made the author to point out culture as being one of those variables. In cross-cultural leadership, the use of power sources to the specific cultural environment where the manager works should be very carefully imposed. In our case with African and Chinese managers, African managers are far more used to legitimate power whereas the Chinese culture emphasizes on human emotions because they believe that everything should be done fair. Therefore the African managers should consider the factor of human emotions while improving their use of power sources, where as The Chines e managers pay respect to all the institutional rules while imposing their use of power sources, because they value harmony in the company. Thus, proper exercise of powers can mould the two different cultures to work together to achieve the organisational goals and responsibilities. These are the some of the discussions and solutions put forward for a merger between Africa and China. This paper brings more insight on integration between two of the most ancient cultures in the world today. References: Central Intelligence Agency of USA, 2008. The World Factbook, Washington. Charles Hampden-Turner and Fons Trompenaars, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business, McGraw-Hill,   1997 Chang. H.C.,1999. The well-defined is ambiguous- sindeterminacy in Chienece conversation. Journal of pragmatics 31, 535-556. Hampden-Turner, C. Trompenaars, F. (1997) Response to Geert Hofstede. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 21, 1, 149-159. Hofstede, Geert, and Michael Harris Bond (1988), The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 4-21. Hofstede, G.H. (1980), Culture Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, Sage Publications, London. Hofstede, G.H. (1983), The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories, Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, pp. 76-88. Hofstede, G.H. (1984), Cultural dimensions in management and planning, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 81-99. Hofstede, G. (1994). Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival, McGraw-Hill, London, 1994. Jian, H,. 2003. Chienese Business Men in Africa: Business, Culture and the People. Economy press pf china, Beijing. Kroeber, A.L., Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. New York- Random House. Ma, R., 1996. Saying yes for no and no for yes; a Chinese rule. Journal of pragmatics 25, 257-266. McCrae, R.R,. 2004 Human nature and culture: a trait perspective, Journal of research in personality 38, 3-14. Samovar Porter. (1991). Communication between Cultures. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Shweder, Richard A., Martha Minow, and Hazel Markus, editors. (2002) Engaging Cultural Differences: The Multicultural Challenge in Liberal Democracies. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press Thomas, Adele. The Management Implications of Ethnicity in South Africa. Journal of International Business Studies Volume Number 31. Third Quarter 2000: 507-519. UCF Library, Orlando, FL. Accessed Oct 29, 2008. Ting-Toomey, S. (Ed), 1988 Intercultural Styles: A Face-Negotiation Theory- Sage, Newbury Park, CA. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Trompenaars, F. (1993) Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business (First Edition) London: Nicholas Brealey. Vacas, F., Gonzalez, M., Sanabria, V., Madera, A., 2003. Management of environmental, Social, and health issues involving indigenous communities at the villano project in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region. Van Maanen, J. and E. H. Schein (1979). Toward of Theory of Organizational Socialization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1: 209-264. http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_south_africa.shtml (All the diagrams and explanations given in the appendix is taken from Hofstedes website.)

Mutilation Of Women :: essays research papers

The number of mutilated woman and girls in Africa and the Middle East is increasing due to population growth, according to Win News. But internationally financed population, health and safe motherhood programs ignore Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and have failed to implement effective preventive education. Education should be provided to the woman and men in the participating countries so the risks of this mutilation can be understood fully. FGM is painful, dangerous, and disrespectful to the woman/child and her body and I belive evry woman has the right to education to help make this critical decision. The mutilation most often performed is Clitoridectomy or Excision- cutting off without anesthetic, the clitoris and most of the external genitalia. This is practiced in a broad area from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Coast. The most dangerous operation, Infibulation is customary in Sudan, Somalia, N.Kenya,, W. Africa and all along the Red Sea coast. After the clitoris is excised and all external genitalia are carved away, the bleeding raw edges of the libia majora are held together by thorns or other fasting devices, until a scar forms to close the entrance to the vagina. The legs of the little girl are tied together for several weeks until the wound heals; a tiny opening is created by inserting a splinter of wood to allow urination. Thus virginity, which is considered especially important by Moslem men, can be proven. These dangerous operations result in permanent damage: hemorrhage and shock, which may be fatal; many infections including tetanus, scaring which obstructs normal childbirth and may result in the death of both mother and child; infertility due to infection. And that's not all, FGM causes urinary and menstrual problems, frigidity, painful intercourse, and many, many needless deaths. The highest childbirth mortality is recorded in areas where FGM is practiced. Some may argue that this is their culture, we cannot judge, or interfere, and I agree. I do not feel that these are bad people, and I do not think we should outlaw this practice.

Swiss style every life Essay

Helvetica was created in 1957. It was named the Swiss style. As you look around at every day life, you will find time after time, that the typeface that is most prevalent is that of Helvetica. After viewing the film named the same, it was evident that although the vast majority of those interviewed were in favor, and some times in awe of Helvetica, there are still issues and controversy surrounding its use. Many interviews, such as Massimo Vignelli, were indeed excited about the typeface. He explained that it had rightness about it; that the spaces between the letters were just as bold and important as the black. Proponents of Helvetica sight that the typeface is expressive, clear and legible. Some explained that it was good for â€Å"everything†. Michael Bierut may have explained it best with his description of the late 50’s or early 60’s when many corporations where changing over their current ads and brochures to Helvetica. He described a scene where a company would feel as if they were drinking a cold, crisp glass of water after seeing what their new logo would look like in Helvetica. Helvetica is the contemporary typeface of corporations, of science and many other industries as well. It has an ability to fit the style you wish to project. It was explained in the video, that when American Outfitters used it, it looks chic; when Crate and Barrel uses it, Helvetica appears clean and efficient. The video goes on to describe Helvetica as having a perfect balance of push and pull. It makes you believe it’s clean, it fits in, it won’t make you stand out. But not everyone is on the Helvetica bandwagon. Others are morally apposed to the typeface. Paula Schuler is one of them. When she first started a career in design, it was shortly after the end of the Vietnam War. She associated Helvetica with the evil corporations that were sponsoring the war. In her way of thinking, if you used Helvetica, you were supporting the war. However, other views were shown in the video that also apposed the frequent use of Helvetica. It was explained that typography should have personality and that we need to get away from the horrible slickness of Helvetica. We need vitality. Helvetica represented modernism which they say equals boring. As you can see, there is a fine line between simple, clean, and powerful and simple, clean, and boring. Whether or not you are for or against the use of Helvetica, it won’t be going away anything soon. We see it so often, that we don’t even realize we see it. It is in our print, on our walls, TV’s, and movies. Our records are labeled with it, our posters scream it. Like it or not, it is hear to stay; it is â€Å"unfixable†.